Functions and state of endothelial glycocalyx in the norm and pathology conditions

Abstract

In normal state, a complex multicomponent system called glycocalyx is present on the surface of endothelial vascular system. The structure of the glycocalyx is determined by a group of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans, originating from endothelial cells and blood flow. Due to its complexity and location on the border of the system of blood circulation, glycocalyx participates in a number of functions supporting the
metabolism of the vascular wall. Complete or partial loss of this structure in pathological conditions leads to inconsistencies in the vascular wall and changes its functions. In this review we considered functions of endothelial glycocalyx: its involvement in the regulation of vascular permeability, transduction and transformation by the shear stress of blood flow on endothelium, the molecular regulation of glycocalyx microenvironment and its interaction with circulating blood cells.